They are similar to cannabis addiction and usually appear within 24 hours after the last cessation. Symptoms include sweating, anxiety, nightmares, disturbances in sleep, nausea, tremors, diarrhoea and headaches. Further possible symptoms include muscle twitching, a sensation of pins and needles and loss of sensation in limbs. Persistent use can be particularly harmful if the user has an underlying mental health condition.
Many users have reported severe and undesired effects on their mood. Little research has been carried out into the effects of recreational synthetic cannabinoid derivative use on animals and humans. Studies investigating JWH, for example, have tended to be small-scale. The personal experiences of individual users found on online forums can be useful as indicators of wider trends but cannot be considered a reliable source of information.
There is not sufficient evidence available on the long-term effects of these derivatives. JHW is known to convert to a number of different metabolites in the body and their effects on humans are not known. JWH is also thought to suppress certain enzymes, which may have an impact on the efficacy of certain medicines.
However, tests on animals have not shown any evidence of this. It should be noted that cannabis contains more than 90 different cannabinoids. Some of these block THC and may offer protection from some of the side effects of cannabis. If the Spice substances containing JWH also include other active ingredients, the overall effect is made even more potent. JWH is stronger and more dangerous than cannabis and carries a significant risk of overdose.
Experienced cannabis users may misjudge their dose of JWH or Spice, causing them to overdose. The manufacturers may not provide complete details of what is contained in the products and JWH may still be found around the world. There is also significant variation in the concentrations found in Spice products. Synthetic cannabinoids represent an especially high risk to young users in particular, as their bodies are not yet fully developed. Concomitant use with alcohol and other illicit drugs should be avoided.
A number of Finnish young people were admitted to hospital in spring following JWH use. No deaths directly attributed to JWH alone have been reported. Animal studies suggest that extremely high doses may lead to respiratory depression, which can prove fatal.
If JWH is used for recreational purposes, doses should be kept small to reduce the risk of overdose. In addition, users should leave sufficient time to allow the effects to occur before taking another dose. Many users have reported taking subsequent doses too quickly, resulting in an overdose. In case of overdose, symptomatic treatment should be administered. The symptoms should pass with time. However, if they are unusually strong or persistent, emergency medical treatment should be sought.
The study is claimed to have been carried out in the Netherlands in but the findings have not been published in any scientific journal. However, the information should be treated with extreme caution. This article does not address the matter in any detail. One of these new screening technologies involves the activity-based detection of SCRAs.
In this study, we evaluated whether synthetic cannabinoid activity can be detected in oral fluid OF and, if so, whether it correlates with SCRA concentrations.
OF was collected at several time points in a placebo-controlled JWH administration study. A total of OF samples were collected and analyzed via both methods. Passing—Bablok regression analysis yielded a good linear correlation, with no proportional difference between both methods slope 0.
This is the first study to demonstrate the applicability of an untargeted, activity-based approach for SCRA detection in OF. More by Annelies Cannaert. More by Eef L. More by Johannes G. More by Sarah M. More by Christophe P.
The results showed no statistically significant differences between the two doses. Hence, the presented statistical analysis was performed considering data as just one dose. If significant differences were detected in drug and time factor, a sequential Bonferroni correction was applied to correct for multiple comparisons. For OF data, only a descriptive analysis was presented showing main pharmacokinetics data, e. No statistical analysis was performed between OF concentrations measured comparing both SCs.
Sixteen polydrug recreational users who reported previous multiple experiences with cannabis and having used SCs at least once in their lives were recruited for the study 4 females and 12 males. Eight subjects were self-administrated by inhalation 1 mg of JWH seven males and one female. Six participants were current tobacco smokers.
Eight subjects self-administrated JWH by inhalation. One male and one female self-administrated a 3 mg dose, and four males and two females self-administrated 2 mg. Five participants were current tobacco smokers Table 1. TABLE 1. Summary of sociodemographic data and recreative drug use for the participants. TABLE 2. The maximal effects were observed at 10—20 min following administration.
All the selected doses were well tolerated with no relevant adverse events during the study session. Within 24 h after the self-administration, one subject who self-administrated JWH reported faintness and three subjects who self-administrated 2 mg of JWH reported 1 hypotension, 2 headache, dizziness, and vomit, and 3 self-limited mild stabbing chest pain, respectively. All resolved spontaneously, and the participants did not need medication or medical assistance.
JWH OF concentration reached a peak 20 min after administration with a mean maximum concentration Cmax of 3. Mean AUC0—4 h was 2. JWH Cmax was AUC0—4 h mean value was To the best of our knowledge, controlled studies on JWH and JWH pharmacology and pharmacokinetics in humans are lacking.
In the same naturalistic setting, the inhalation of a recreational JWH dose 2—3 mg induced a pattern of acute effects characterized by a very mild increase of DBP and HR not statistically significant and significant increases in subjective effects. The results obtained can be compared with those observed in a similar recent study evaluating the effects of UR consumption, as compared to those of THC after inhaled administration.
JWH results are in agreement with the marked but transient cardiovascular and euphoric effects described following the controlled administration by inhalation of JWH, one of the most studied compounds of the JWH family Theunissen et al.
Regarding the subjective effects, some subjects reported moderate to high punctuations in bad effects after JWH 2 subjects and JWH 1 subject intake. In addition, neutral response, no response, and no adverse events are also more likely reported by single or several time SCs users.
During the study, hunger was the most reported nondesirable effect for all the subjects who self-inhaled SCs. These results are in line with previous retrospective observational studies reporting tachycardia, hypertension, and other electrocardiographic changes Hermanns-Clausen et al. Both SCs reached their maximal concentrations in OF at 20 min and 15 min after the end of the inhalation. In a retrospective observational case series of subjects presenting to emergency departments with an analytically confirmed intake of JWH as the only SC detected in serum samples, JWH concentrations ranged from 0.
In the case of UR, maximal concentrations were achieved at 20 min La Maida et al. In our study, this ratio could not be calculated since we did not collect blood.
However, there are a number of strengths to remark: the participation of males and females previously experienced with inhaled cannabis and SCs, self-selection of real-life recreational dosages by the subjects according to their preferences, the real recreational setting, and the use of the validated methodology for the evaluation of acute pharmacological effects and analytic technique to determine OF concentrations. Further research with a larger sample and controlled studies are needed to better define the acute pharmacological and health risk profile of JWH, JWH, and other SCs and the relevance of OF testing.
This study could serve as a blueprint for follow-up research on this topic. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Cohen, K. Cooper, Z. Psychiatry Rep. Coppola, M.
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