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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment — Download references. The authors are deeply indebted to the Editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments on this manuscript. This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education contracts no. The research in and was funded by the National Science Centre granted under the internship after obtaining the doctorate degree based on decision no.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the field cooperation with Dr. We also exist grateful to Professor Gerhard Wiegleb, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany, for valuable comments and improvements of this paper. We are also grateful to highly qualified native English speaking editors from American Journal Experts for improving the English language, grammar, punctuation, spelling, and style.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Szymon Jusik. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and the source are credited. Reprints and Permissions. Jusik, S. Development of comprehensive river typology based on macrophytes in the mountain-lowland gradient of different Central European ecoregions.
Hydrobiologia , — The pike is a top predator, or tertiary consumer, and is not normally preyed upon itself. These plants and animals are linked together in a food chain:. In reality, of course, more than one species of predator eats the snails, fleas, shrimps and the roach. Within a habitat several different food chains interlink to form a food web.
What would happen to the food chain above if fishermen caught all the pike in a river? Life in a Lowland River. Life in a Lowland River The animals and plants living in an upland river are specially adapted to a life in fast-flowing often turbulent, cold, oxygen-rich water. The most important effects are: plankton microscopic plant and animal life and floating plants are absent, for the current carries them away. Still water habitats are usually rich in plankton river creatures deposit their eggs under gravel or stones, or attach them to a rock or leaf, so they do not get carried away.
Still water animals produce eggs or young that drift about in the water. Large numbers of some species deliberately drift away at certain times of the year.
Predators hunting animals in one section may feed on prey that have been washed into their habitat from further up the river. These plants and animals are linked together in a food chain: In reality, of course, more than one species of predator eats the snails, fleas, shrimps and the roach.
Read More: The River Bank. River Pollution Factsheet. Otter Sea Factsheet. Vole Water Factsheet.
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