Legends claim that the earliest rulers in China were the Xia Dynasty, from to B. In the late s and early s, a virus that had previously appeared sporadically around the world began to spread throughout the United States. Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Here is a timeline of innovations and events that helped define the Victorian Era. Recommended for you. Vietnam-Era Huey Helicopter. Arlo Guthrie Reflects on Vietnam Era.
Homestead Strike. In , Ireland's potato crop was destroyed by infestation with the fungal disease known as potato blight. The disease rotted the potatoes in the ground, ruining the principal food source for millions of people. The blight lasted for another four years, causing illness and mass starvation across Ireland and killing a million people out of a population of eight million. Many Irish labourers and farmers worked on estates owned by British landlords. Following the blight, the tenants were expected to still pay rent despite having no income from their crops.
This prompted the eviction of over a quarter of a million people between and and led to the mass migration of a million people, looking to start a new life abroad — many of them in America. Following a severe cholera outbreak across the world, killing 13, people, social reformer Edwin Chadwick was commissioned to find ways of improving disease prevention and sanitary conditions in Britain.
This study led to the creation of the Public Health Act of , legislation that placed the supply and treatment of water and waste under single local authorities who could raise funds for improvements to tackle unsanitary conditions.
The Great Exhibition was the first of a series of World's Fairs - an international exhibition showcasing the achievements of nations, and present the latest discoveries in science and technology.
The show proved hugely popular across the world, attracting over six million visitors over five months - the equivalent to a third of the entire population of Britain at the time. The war broke out in the autumn of with Britain and France declaring war on Russia in The main intention of the British, French and Ottoman alliance was to hinder Russian expansion into the Turkish empire.
Religious tensions also played a part with Russia taking issue that the holiest sites in Christianity, such as Jerusalem and Bethlehem, remained under Turkish Muslim control. The war came to a conclusion in February with the Treaty of Paris with the part-surrender of Russia.
The war resulted in a massive death toll on both sides. A total of 1. Historically, steel proved very costly to produce and could only be used for the manufacture of small, valuable items, such as knives, swords and armour.
In , Henry Bessemer discovered a method of converting iron into steel, which was both stronger and lighter. This production technique became known as the Bessemer Converter. The process revolutionised the construction industries, enabling Britain to build large-scale structures such as bridges, trains and boats.
In , Bengal Light Cavalry soldiers rebelled against their British commanders. The news of the mutiny spread across India and over the course of the year, caused a series of similar outbreaks across the subcontinent. Many Indians rose against the British; however, many others also fought for the British, and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule. The rebellion continued until a rebel defeat in June at the city of Gwalior and the signing of a peace treaty in July.
However, after the peace treaty, there were repercussions as British forces brutally suppressed any further attempts at revolt. Working in coal mines was hard, and sometimes entire families would do it just to earn enough money.
There were also mines for iron and tin in different parts of Britain. Only poor people would work in factories and mines, and both were pretty unhealthy places to be. The air would be thick with dust from the mines or from the cotton being spun for cloth, and working hours were long. Everyone had to wear the same uniform, and breaking any rules would mean strict punishment. If you were rich, then life was completely different!
Rich Victorians lived in large houses that were well heated and clean. Children got a good education either by going away to school or having a governess who taught them at home this is usually how girls were educated. Wealthy people could also afford to buy beautiful clothes. All women in Victorian times wore dresses with long skirts, but rich women could get the latest fashions that needed special underclothes to wear properly. They wore dresses that needed hoop skirts underneath to make the dresses spread out in a dome shape around their legs.
Or, they wore skirts that lay mostly flat but that poofed out a bit around their bottom — this was called a bustle. All men, whether rich or poor, wore waistcoats. Rich men also wore top hats and carried walking sticks. Florence Nightingale — Florence was the founder of modern nursing; she knew it was important to keep hospitals clean and well-run.
Joseph Lister — Lister was a surgeon who introduced the idea of keeping surgical instruments free from germs, and disinfecting wounds. Explore lots of places with Victorian history.
See life as it was more than years ago at Blists Hill Victorian Town. Visit Tyntesfield , a Victorian stately home in Somerset. Explore a Victorian workhouse , and learn about the people who would have lived and worked there. Visit the Victoria and Albert Museum in London to see clothes that upper class Victorians would have worn.
Take a tour of the Charles Dickens museum , which is in a house where the famous author used to live. Although he was not the first to use his skills in writing to address the issues in English society, he was by far the most successful. Dickens was able to bring to light a serious issue that England itself could not see, and with the spread and increased fame of his works people everywhere were beginning to see that something had to be done Diniejko.
Thomas Hardy. His use of powerful emotions and pessimistic views was highly criticized because no one had ever read something like it before. Hardy was also considered a social critic of sorts, identifying the low standards of living that the poor endured in the industrial cities. The mix of realism and social criticism in one style of writing was the reason why Thomas Hardy was one of the most influential and important authors of the Victorian Era Allingham.
George Elliot was a third author who used literature not simply just to entertain, but also to inform people of the conditions of people in the society around her. Elliot, who was a fan of art and its origins, believed that any form of art should be based off of life rather than other pieces of art.
For instance, The Mill on the Floss was taken and modeled from her real life experience of being rejected by her friends and family for her common-law marriage. Although she was also an influential author of the Victorian Era, she criticized authors like Dickens and Austen on their styles of writing Allingham.
Herself, her husband Albert, and their many children became an icon of lateth-century middle class femininity and domesticity. During this period, the roles of men and women became more sharply defined than they had ever been in history. Rather than women working alongside the men in family businesses, the 19th century saw an increase in men commuting away to their places of work, leaving the women home all day to oversee the household.
Women, considered physically weaker yet morally superior, best suiting them for the domestic sphere. Marriage and Sexuality. Women could not seem too focused on finding a husband, lest it appeared they had a worrying amount of sexual desire. Women were meant to only desire marriage in that it allowed them to become mothers rather than for any sexual or emotional satisfaction. Women had no choice but to stay pure until marriage, usually not even being allowed to speak to a man unless there was a married woman chaperoning.
After a woman married, her rights and property ceased to remain her own. Everything that she owned now belonged to her husband, including her body, property, and money. Roles of Upper Class Women.
The responsibilities of upper-class and aristocratic women were limited because of the common opinion that they were weak. These women had a range of servants to perform the domestic chores for them, so they usually just had to oversee them. An everyday task of upper-class women was accepting and paying visits, as well as organizing dinner parties for their friends and family.
These were occasions where women could prove their homemaking skills and good taste, and to serve as symbols to others about their social status. These women were distinguished from the upper class by having less education and fewer opportunities. Most women worked in domestic service, either as a cook, maid, or laundress to a wealthier woman. Other women were employed as barmaids, waitresses, chambermaids, and washerwomen.
To be able to go to work, mothers would often pay other women, usually very elderly or very young, to watch their children.
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